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| 1854 |
| | English physician John Snow proves that cholera is spread by infected water (from a pump in London's Broad Street) | |
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| 1856 |
| | The first Neanderthal man to be discovered is unearthed by quarry workers in the Neander valley, near Düsseldorf | |
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| 1857 |
| | French chemist Louis Pasteur proves the existence of micro-organisms by showing that a liquid will only ferment if exposed to contamination from the air | |
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| 1858 |
| | Charles Darwin is alarmed to receive in his morning post a paper by Alfred Russell Wallace, outlining very much his own theory of evolution | |
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| 1859 |
| | Charles Darwin puts forward the theory of evolution in On the Origin of Species, the result of 20 years' research | |
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| 1865 |
| | Gregor Mendel reads a paper to the Natural History Society in Brno describing his discoveries in the field of genetics | |
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| 1883 |
| | English polymath Francis Galton publishes Inquiries in Human Faculty, developing the theme of eugenics and coining the term | |
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| 1903 |
| | In a paper to a congress in Madrid, on the 'psychology and psychopathology of animals', Ivan Pavlov announces his discovery of the conditioned reflex | |
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| 1905 |
| | German biologists Fritz Schaudinn and Erich Hoffmann discover the micro-organism Treponema pallidum which causes syphilis | |
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| 1905 |
| | English physiologists William Bayliss and Ernest Starling coin the word 'hormone' for glandular secretions into the bloodstream | |
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